氫(qing)氣(qi)的(de)儲(chu)存(cun)有(you)高壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)縮、低溫液化、金(jin)屬(shu)氫(qing)化物等多種方(fang)式(shi),利(li)用水合物技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)儲(chu)存(cun)氫(qing)氣(qi)是近年來發展起來的(de)一(yi)項新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。從水合物儲(chu)氫(qing)的(de)原理、技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)性、經濟(ji)性和(he)安全性方(fang)面對水合物儲(chu)氫(qing)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)進行了分析比較。水合物儲(chu)氫(qing)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)能耗與(yu)儲(chu)能之比與(yu)高壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)縮法相近,生產(chan)成本(ben)低于(yu)高壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)縮法和(he)低溫液化法,而且安全性較高,是一(yi)種潛(qian)在的(de)高效(xiao)儲(chu)氣(qi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。
關鍵詞:水(shui)合物(wu)反應(ying)釜;儲(chu)氫;氫氣儲(chu)存;水(shui)合物(wu)技術儲(chu)存氫氣反應(ying)釜
氫(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)因具有(you)(you)來源(yuan)(yuan)豐(feng)富(fu)、可再生、熱(re)效(xiao)(xiao)率高和(he)燃燒清潔(jie)等特點而(er)(er)受到(dao)廣泛重視,作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為清潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)可替代石油、天然(ran)氣(qi)(qi)和(he)煤等短缺的(de)(de)化石燃料(liao),將成為21世紀(ji)的(de)(de)綠色能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)。氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)我國的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)主要(yao)(yao)集(ji)中在(zai)(zai)民用(yong)(yong)和(he)交(jiao)通(tong)領域(yu),城市現在(zai)(zai)大(da)力推(tui)廣天然(ran)氣(qi)(qi),在(zai)(zai)此之(zhi)前(qian)多使用(yong)(yong)人工(gong)煤氣(qi)(qi),而(er)(er)人工(gong)煤氣(qi)(qi)中就含有(you)(you)體積分(fen)數(shu)約50%的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi),這是氫(qing)(qing)(qing)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)民用(yong)(yong)領域(yu)的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong),目前(qian)仍(reng)占一定的(de)(de)比例。隨著氫(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)研究的(de)(de)不斷深入(ru),特別是氫(qing)(qing)(qing)內燃機汽(qi)車(che)和(he)以氫(qing)(qing)(qing)為燃料(liao)、通(tong)過(guo)化學(xue)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)產生電能(neng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為動(dong)力的(de)(de)燃料(liao)電池汽(qi)車(che)技術(shu)日趨接近大(da)規(gui)模商(shang)業化應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong),氫(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)儲存技術(shu)顯得十分(fen)重要(yao)(yao)。從某種意(yi)義上來說,氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)儲存是氫(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)瓶頸(jing)技術(shu),大(da)規(gui)模、經(jing)濟、高效(xiao)(xiao)和(he)安全儲氫(qing)(qing)(qing)技術(shu)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)將直接影響到(dao)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)技術(shu)的(de)(de)推(tui)廣應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong),尤其(qi)是在(zai)(zai)車(che)輛和(he)移動(dong)工(gong)具方(fang)面。
水合物技(ji)術(shu)儲(chu)存氫氣反(fan)應釜,常用的氫氣儲(chu)存方法
由(you)于(yu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)輕,難(nan)以(yi)壓(ya)(ya)縮,難(nan)以(yi)液(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),易燃(ran)、易爆,高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)下可透過容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)壁,易與容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)金(jin)屬形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)而(er)產生(sheng)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)脆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian),因此探(tan)索和尋(xun)找適用于(yu)大(da)(da)規模儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術將是(shi)(shi)(shi)一項重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究課題。常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)技(ji)(ji)術一般基(ji)于(yu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學反應,如通過氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)與分解儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),或(huo)者基(ji)于(yu)物(wu)理(li)吸(xi)附,當前大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)研究是(shi)(shi)(shi)基(ji)于(yu)物(wu)理(li)吸(xi)附的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)方(fang)法(fa)。目前,氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)主要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)物(wu)理(li)法(fa)和化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學法(fa)兩大(da)(da)類。物(wu)理(li)法(fa)主要(yao)有(you)(you)(you):高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)、低溫(wen)液(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)、玻璃(li)微球儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)、活性炭吸(xi)附儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)、地下巖(yan)洞儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)、碳納(na)米管(guan)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(也(ye)包含(han)部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學吸(xi)附儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun))、水合物(wu)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)。化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學法(fa)主要(yao)有(you)(you)(you):儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)合金(jin)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)、有(you)(you)(you)機液(ye)態(tai)(tai)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)、無機物(wu)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)等(deng)形(xing)式。衡量(liang)(liang)一種氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)運技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據有(you)(you)(you)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)成(cheng)(cheng)本、儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)密(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和安全(quan)性等(deng)方(fang)面。目前,氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)一般以(yi)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)縮、低溫(wen)液(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、金(jin)屬氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)、有(you)(you)(you)機氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)和物(wu)理(li)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學吸(xi)附等(deng)形(xing)式儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)。衡量(liang)(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)性能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參數(shu)主要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)兩個(ge)(ge):體(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)密(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)密(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。體(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)密(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)單位體(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)系統內儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang),質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)密(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)系統儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)與整個(ge)(ge)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(含(han)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)介質(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)、閥及氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)等(deng))之比(bi)。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)縮儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)早,是(shi)(shi)(shi)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)傳統而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa),無需任何材(cai)料(liao)作載體(ti)(ti),只需耐壓(ya)(ya)和絕熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi),但是(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)效率很(hen)(hen)低,加壓(ya)(ya)到15MPa時質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)密(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)不超過3%,而(er)且存(cun)(cun)(cun)在很(hen)(hen)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)隱患(huan),成(cheng)(cheng)本也(ye)很(hen)(hen)高(gao)(gao)。低溫(wen)液(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方(fang)式儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)運雖然質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)密(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)高(gao)(gao)(可以(yi)達(da)到14%),但液(ye)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)沸點(dian)僅20.38K,氣(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)潛熱小,僅0.921kJ/mol,而(er)液(ye)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)與外界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)存(cun)(cun)(cun)在巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)差,因此稍有(you)(you)(you)熱量(liang)(liang)從外界傳入容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi),即會快速沸騰而(er)損失(shi)。儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)合金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da),體(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)密(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)是(shi)(shi)(shi)相同溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、壓(ya)(ya)力條件下氣(qi)態(tai)(tai)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1000倍(bei),其(qi)體(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)密(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)可高(gao)(gao)達(da)40~50kg/m3,但其(qi)缺(que)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)密(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)低,多數(shu)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)合金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)密(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)僅為(wei)(wei)1.5%~3%。
相對(dui)于高(gao)壓(ya)壓(ya)縮(suo)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)和(he)低(di)溫(wen)液化儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing),金屬氫(qing)(qing)化物(wu)(wu)、碳納(na)米(mi)管(guan)吸(xi)附、水(shui)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)等(deng)固態材(cai)料氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)方(fang)法(fa)主要(yao)(yao)有(you)以下(xia)潛在(zai)優勢:較小(xiao)的(de)(de)體積、較低(di)的(de)(de)壓(ya)力(更高(gao)的(de)(de)能源效率)和(he)更多(duo)高(gao)純度(du)的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)產出。壓(ya)縮(suo)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體和(he)液體儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)如今是商業上可行的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa),但(dan)(dan)完全符合(he)(he)成本效益的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)系(xi)統(tong)還(huan)(huan)有(you)待開發。另外還(huan)(huan)要(yao)(yao)關注儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)方(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)安全性,特別是對(dui)新的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)方(fang)法(fa)。從安全角(jiao)度(du)上考慮(lv),在(zai)城市中建立儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)20~70MPa壓(ya)縮(suo)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)大容量(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)罐(guan)是不可行的(de)(de)。液化氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)需要(yao)(yao)給(gei)液化設備(bei)和(he)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)設備(bei)不斷(duan)供冷來維持20K或更低(di)的(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)。用水(shui)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)形式儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)是近年來發展起來的(de)(de)一種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)理儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)方(fang)法(fa),該方(fang)法(fa)不但(dan)(dan)有(you)較高(gao)的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)效率,而且其(qi)原料(水(shui)或冰)也(ye)十(shi)分容易獲(huo)得(de),另外,儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)也(ye)在(zai)液氮溫(wen)區以上。由于氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)水(shui)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)中的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)分子(zi)是通過(guo)氫(qing)(qing)鍵與水(shui)分子(zi)結合(he)(he)的(de)(de),并(bing)不需要(yao)(yao)形成化學鍵,所以釋放從而利用氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)容易得(de)多(duo),水(shui)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)也(ye)適合(he)(he)于將(jiang)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)常壓(ya)下(xia)安全地儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)。北京世紀(ji)森朗水(shui)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)反應(ying)釜(fu),水(shui)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)氫(qing)(qing)反應(ying)設備(bei),水(shui)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)技術儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)反應(ying)釜(fu),水(shui)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)加氫(qing)(qing)反應(ying)釜(fu)。